GLOBALIZATION TECHNOLOGY & SOCIAL CHANGE
RESEARCHER: Diany Hiraldo
Abusers are typically heavy drinkers or heavy drugs user who continue drinking/using drugs regardless of the results.
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/images/risk/substance-abuse-400x210.png. Accessed 17 December 2017
PRENATAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Prenatal substance use is a critical public health concern that is linked with several harmful maternal and fetal consequences. The most frequently used substances in pregnancy is tobacco, followed by alcohol, cannabis and other illicit substances.
illicit substances
Heroin Oxycodone
Cocaine Crack
Ecstasy Opioid
percocet
When a woman uses drugs and alcohol, research has shown that she is at higher risk to develop complications during childbirth. Some of these complication include: Placenta abruption, premature rupture of membranes and polyhydramnios. These complications lead to the infant drying during the precess of birth.
Risk Factors
Preterm birth Miscarriage Sudden infant death syndrome
Low birthweight Increased infant mortality
Infant mortality is the death of children below one year, usually measured by the infant mortality (IMR) (Wolfe et al., 2012)
According to a national survey conducted in the united states in 2013, 5.9% of pregnant women use illicit drugs, resulting in over 380,000 offspring exposed to illicit substances.
The rate of current illicit drug use in the combined 2012-2013 data was 14.6% among pregnant women aged 15 to 17 8.6% among women aged 18 to 25, and 3.2% among women aged 26 to 44. of those using, 9% used in first trimester versus 2.4% in third trimester.
The percentage of birth with drug and/or alcohol diagnostic codes each year in California ranged from 0.95% of births in 1991 to a high of 1.43% in 1994 (wolfe et al.,2012)
This translates into a rate of 9.5 drug/alcohol diagnosed births per 1000 births in 1991 to a high of 14.3 births in 1994
the overall rate of drugs/alcohol diagnosed births for the 8 years was 12 per 1000 births or 1.2%(wolfe et al., 2012)
These babies were born addicted to drugs. The baby's mother used opiates while pregnant, the opioid crisis in the U.S is continuing to expand exponentially. In the past 10 years more than 130,000 babies have been born with drugs addiction. In the U.S there have been at least 110 infant death since 2010.
illicit substances
Heroin Oxycodone
Cocaine Crack
Ecstasy Opioid
percocet
When a woman uses drugs and alcohol, research has shown that she is at higher risk to develop complications during childbirth. Some of these complication include: Placenta abruption, premature rupture of membranes and polyhydramnios. These complications lead to the infant drying during the precess of birth.
Risk Factors
Preterm birth Miscarriage Sudden infant death syndrome
Low birthweight Increased infant mortality
Infant mortality is the death of children below one year, usually measured by the infant mortality (IMR) (Wolfe et al., 2012)
According to a national survey conducted in the united states in 2013, 5.9% of pregnant women use illicit drugs, resulting in over 380,000 offspring exposed to illicit substances.
The rate of current illicit drug use in the combined 2012-2013 data was 14.6% among pregnant women aged 15 to 17 8.6% among women aged 18 to 25, and 3.2% among women aged 26 to 44. of those using, 9% used in first trimester versus 2.4% in third trimester.
The percentage of birth with drug and/or alcohol diagnostic codes each year in California ranged from 0.95% of births in 1991 to a high of 1.43% in 1994 (wolfe et al.,2012)
This translates into a rate of 9.5 drug/alcohol diagnosed births per 1000 births in 1991 to a high of 14.3 births in 1994
the overall rate of drugs/alcohol diagnosed births for the 8 years was 12 per 1000 births or 1.2%(wolfe et al., 2012)
These babies were born addicted to drugs. The baby's mother used opiates while pregnant, the opioid crisis in the U.S is continuing to expand exponentially. In the past 10 years more than 130,000 babies have been born with drugs addiction. In the U.S there have been at least 110 infant death since 2010.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk2hOYUpKVI . Accessed: 17 December 2017.
Two at-risk groups
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome(NAS)
Sudden infant death Syndrome(SIDS)
- Occurs in a newborns who was exposed to addictive opiate drugs while in the mother's womb
- Heroin
- Codeine
- Oxycodone
- Methadone
- Buprenorphine
Sudden infant death Syndrome(SIDS)
- A combination of physical and sleep environmental factors can make an infant more vulnerable to SIDS.
- Physical factors
- Low birth weight
- Smokes cigarettes
- Uses drugs or alcohol
Interventions for substance use during pregnancy
There are only a small number of effective therapies for substance use in pregnancy, which primarily involve: Behavioral couselling, which include:
The situations that lead them to undesirable thoughts,feelings, or behaviors, and how to deal more effectively with such situations when they occur. The goals is to break old patterns of responding and replace them with new ones.
Medication Treatments
Disadvantages of medication treatments
- Contingency management(CM) : Based on the principle of positive reinforcement techniques to influence behavior change usually monetary vouchers to modify behavior in a positive and supportive manner.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT): A psychotherapeutic treatment that uses an easy-to-learn set of strategies to help patients understand.
The situations that lead them to undesirable thoughts,feelings, or behaviors, and how to deal more effectively with such situations when they occur. The goals is to break old patterns of responding and replace them with new ones.
Medication Treatments
- Methadone and Buprenorphine for opioid addiction during pregnancy. Both relieve withdrawal symptoms, diminish cravings, repair normal brain functions, decrease relapse, and protects fetus from in-utero withdrawal
Disadvantages of medication treatments
- Withdrawal can be harmful by:
- Increasing risk of fetal death
- Increasing risk of illicit drug abuse
- Risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome(NAS)
- poor availability of treatment centers
- Limited options for women with children(onsite child care and children services.)
- Fear of loss of child custody
- Fear
http://slideplayer.com/slide/6335073/22/images/26/Percent+Reporting+Reason.jpg. accessed 17 december 2017
Rapid social change has lead to significant growth in the use of alcohol and drugs. In early years alcohol was regulated by cultural and traditional norms, but due to changes in lifestyle and social diversity has led to an increase in alcohol and drug consumption. Global alcohol market has also expanded targeting new groups from developing countries, while other nations depend on alcohol as a significant source of revenue, for instance, most states in India alcohol make up to 23% of revenue collected. The above factor has drastically increased the use of drugs and alcohol in the society, and the most affect are the middle-aged population.
- REFERENCE
- Child Health USA. (2014). Infant Mortality, Child Health USA 2014. Retrieved from https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa14/health-status-behaviors/infants/infant-mortality.html
- Wolfe, E. L., Davis, T., Guydish, J., & Delucchi, K. L. (2012). Mortality risk associated with perinatal drug and alcohol use in California. Journal of Perinatology, 25(2), 93-100.
- Butler, L. (2015, January 3). Health Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Drugs & Alcohol. Retrieved from https://mountainlaurelrecoverycenter.com/health-consequences-prenatal-exposure-drugs-alcohol/
- http://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/2017/11/16/shelby-countys-infant-mortality-rate-rose-2016-state-figures-show/870546001/ (Image credit)